名词变复数
(一)规则变化情况:7个类型
- 一般情况在词尾加-s 【-s 在清辅音后发/s/ desk→desks,map→maps;-s 在元音和浊辅音后发/z/ day→days,girl→girls】
- 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词在词尾加-es :bus→buses,box→boxes,watch→watches【-es 发/iz/音】
- 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词变y为i再加-es family→families,party→parties【-ies发/iz/音】
- 以元音字母加-y结尾的词在词尾加-s:day→days,boy→boys,key→keys【-s 发/z/音】
- 以f或fe结尾的词变f或fe为v再加-es:knife→knives,life→lives,wife→wives,half→halves,thief→thieves,shelf→shelves,self→selves,leaf→leaves 【-ves发/vz/音】
- 以辅音字母加-o结尾的词在词尾加-es:potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,hero→heroes,Negro→Negroes,volcano→volcanoes【-es发/z/音】
- 以元音字母加-o结尾的词在词尾加-s:radio→radios,zoo→zoos【-s 发/z/音】(注意:photo的复数是photos,这是因为photo的原词是photograph,符合加-s的规则变化。)
注:以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加–s 读/iz/ license-licenses
(二)名词复数的不规则变化:
- 特殊变形:
- child→children(儿童)
- man→men(男人)
- woman→women (女人)
- an Englishman→two Englishmen(英国人)
- foot→feet(脚)
- tooth→teeth(牙)
- mouse→mice(老鼠)
- ox →oxen(公牛)
- goose→geese(鹅)
- 单复同形
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,species,means
除人民币,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar,two dollars; a meter,two meters
- 集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
people police cattle,本身就是复数
正确示范:a person,a policeman,a herd of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss
(错误示范:a people,a police,a cattle)
4.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,虽以s结尾,但是是不可数名词,是单数概念。
5.表示由两部分构成的东西,glasses,trousers,clothes若表达具体数目,要借助表示“数量”的名词。a pair of glasses,two pairs of trousers
6.另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思
goods(货物), waters(水域),fishes(各种鱼)
序数词变化规则
(一)一般化规则:基数词+th变为序数词(规则变化)
four→fourth,six→sixth,seven→seventh,ten→tenth,eleven→eleventh
(二)不规则变化的
- one→first
- two→second
- three→third
- five→fifth
- eight→eighth
- nine→ninth
- twelve→twelfth
(三)整十的序数词,变y为ie再加th
twenty→twentieth, thirty→thirtieth, forty→fortieth, fifty→fiftieth
形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则:
- 一般在词尾加er/est;
- 以字母e 结尾,加r/st;
- 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er/est;
- slim --slimmer --slimmest
- big --bigger --biggest
- hot --hotter --hottest
- thin --thinner --thinnest
- wet --wetter --wettest
- red --redder --reddest
- sad --sadder --saddest
- 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加er/est
- 多音节词和部分双音节词,在单词前面加more构成比较级,加most构成最高级。
- 不规则形容词比较级:
- good/well --better --best
- bad/ill --worse --worst
- many/much --more --most
- little --less --least
- old --older/elder --oldest/eldest
- far --further/farther --furthest /farthest
形容词变副词的变化规则:
形容词变副词通常是加ly,其变化有规律可循,请记住以下口诀:
一般直接加,―元(e)去e加,―辅(y)改i加,le结尾e改y
分别举例如下:quick---quickly; true---truly; happy---happily; possible----possibly
具体规则如下:
- 一般情况下直接加―ly,如:
- quick---quickly
- polite---politely
- sad---sadly
- recent---recently
- immediate---immediately
- 少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly。如:true-truly,due-duly
绝大多数辅音字母加e结尾的形容词直接加-ly。如:polite-politely,wide-widely,wise-wisely,nice-nicely
- 以―个y结尾的,且读音为/i /,先将―y改成―i,再加―ly,如:
happy---happily,heavy---heavily,angry---angrily,busy---busily
但是如果读音为/ai /,直接加ly,如:dry-dryly,sly-slyly,shy---shyly
- 以ic 结尾的词,加ally,如:
- economic---economically;
- basic---basically;
- scientific---scientifically;
- automatic---automatically;
- 以辅音字母加le结尾时,去e加y,如:
- simple---simply
- considerable---considerably
- terrible---terribly
- gentle---gently
- possible---possibly
- probable---probably
- incredible---incredibly
元音字母加le时加 ly,如:sole-solely。但是whole-wholly例外。
6.以-ll结尾时,只须加–y,如:dull---dully; shrill---shrilly
需注意: 有些以ly结尾的词是形容词而非副词。如:
friendly people; motherly care; lovely dog; monthly exam; heavenly peace; a manly sport
动词第三人称单数变化规则
1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks
2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:study-studies
动词现在分词加ing的变化规则
1.一般情况下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking
2.以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting
3.以ie结尾的动词,把ie变为y再加ing。如: lie - lying 平躺/说谎,tie - tying,die - dying
4.如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing。
这类动词有:
- begin-- beginning,cut -- cutting
- dig -- digging,get -- getting
- hit -- hitting,let -- letting
- put -- putting,run -- running
- set -- setting,shut -- shutting
- sit -- sitting,babysit--babysitting
- spit--spitting吐痰、吐
- split -- splitting 劈、分裂
- skip--skipping,swim -- swimming
- win -- winning,shop-- shopping
- prefer--preferring,step-- stepping踩、踏
- refer-- referring参考、查阅
- dip-- dipping 浸、泡、醮、舀(取)吸出、掏
- mop-- mopping用拖把拖、洗、擦、抹、(另:猫扑)
- nod --nodding点头
- kidnap--kidnapping 绑架
- nap--napping 小睡、打盹
- rot--rotting 腐蚀、腐烂
- spot--spotting
- hiccup--hiccupping打嗝
- beg -- begging乞求、乞讨
- drip -- dripping(雨)滴落、滴下、滴
- dot -- dotting 打点、打句号,drop -- dropping
- fit -- fitting,hug -- hugging拥抱、怀抱、紧抱、抱有、持有
- plan -- planning,pat -- patting 轻拍(打)、抚
- rid -- ridding(使)免除、(使)摆脱、去掉
- rob -- robbing 抢劫、动掠、盗取、剥夺
- regret -- regretting 遗憾、懊悔、感到后悔(抱歉)
- stop -- stopping
- stir -- stirring 搅拌、搅动、拨动、传布
- rub -- rubbing 擦(上)、摩擦、擦到
- travel -- travel(l)ing
- slip --slipping 滑倒、跌倒
- wrap --wrapping 包装打包、包、裹、缠(绕)、卷
动词过去式和过去分词变化规则:
- 一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked
- 以e结尾的动词加d,如:taste-tasted
- 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed,如:study-studied
- 末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:beg -- begged,dip-- dipped 浸、泡、醮、舀(取)、吸出、掏,dot -- dotted,drop --dropped,fit -- fitted,hug -- hugged,nod --nodded,pat -- patted,plan -- planned,prefer--preferred,refer-- referred,regret -- regretted,rob -- robbed,rot--rotted,travel ---- travel(l)ed
- 常用不规则动词对应表:
从左到右依次为:动词原形、中文含义、过去式、过去分词
- arise 出现→arose →arisen
- awake 醒来→awoke →awaked / awoken
- baby-sit 临时照顾 baby-sat →baby-sat
- be(am / is / are) 是 was / were →been
- beat 击打 beat →beaten
- become 变成 became →become
- begin 开始 began →begun
- bend 使弯曲 bent →bent
- bet 赌 bet →bet
- bite 咬 bit→ bitten / bit
- blow 吹 blew→ blown
- break 打破 broke→ broken
- bring 拿来 brought →brought
- build 建造 built →built
- burn 燃烧 burnt / burned →burnt / burned
- buy 买 bought →bought
- cast 抛 cast →cast
- catch 捕捉 caught →caught
- choose 选择 chose →chosen
- come 来 came →come
- cost 花费 cost →cost
- cut 割 cut→ cut
- deal 分配 dealt→ dealt
- dig 挖 dug →dug
- do / does 做 did →done
- draw 画,拉,拖 drew→ drawn
- dream 做梦 dreamed / dreamt→ dreamed / dreamt
- drink 喝 drank →drunk
- drive 驾驶 drove →driven
- eat 吃 ate →eaten
- fall 掉落 fell →fallen
- feed 喂 fed→ fed
- feel 触摸 felt →felt
- fight 作战 fought →fought
- find 找出 found→ found
- fly 飞 flew→ flown
- forbid 禁止 forbade / forbad →forbidden
- forget 忘记 forgot→ forgot / forgotten
- forgive 原谅 forgave →forgiven
- freeze 结冰 froze→ frozen
- get 得到 got →got
- give 给 gave →given
- go 去 went →gone
- grow 成长 grew →grown
- hang 挂/绞死 hung / hanged→ hung / hanged
- have / has 有 had →had
- hear 听到 heard→ heard
- hide 隐藏 hid→ hidden / hid
- hit 打 hit →hit
- hold 拿住 held →held
- hurt 受伤 hurt→ hurt
- keep 保持 kept →kept
- know 知道 knew →known
- lay 放置 laid →laid
- lead 引导 led→ led
- learn 学习 learnt / learned→ learnt / learned
- leave 离开 left→ left
- lend 借贷 lent→ lent
- let 让 let →let
- lie 躺 lay→ lain
- light 点着 lit / lighted →lit / lighted
- lose 遗失 lost →lost
- make 制作 made→ made
- mean 表…意思 meant→ meant
- meet 碰到 met→ met
- mistake 误认 mistook →mistaken
- pay 支付 paid →paid
- prove 证实 proved→ proved / proven
- put 放置 put→ put
- read 读 read→ read
- rebuild 改建 rebuilt →rebuilt
- retell 复述 retold →retold
- rid 免除 rid / ridded →rid / ridded
- ride 骑 rode →ridden
- rise 上升 rose→ risen
- run 跑 ran →run
- saw 锯 sawed →sawed / sawn
- say 说 said→ said
- see 看 saw →seen
- seek 寻觅 sought →sought
- sell 卖 sold →sold
- send 送/寄 sent →sent
- set 安置 set →set
- sew 缝合 sewed →sewn / sewed
- shake 摇 shook→ shaken
- shine 发光 shone→ shone
- 擦亮 shined →shined
- shoot 放(炮) shot→ shot
- show 显露 showed →showed / shown
- sing 唱歌 sang →sung
- sink 下沉 sank / sunk →sunk / sunken
- sit 坐 sat →sat
- sleep 睡 slept →slept
- smell 发出气味 smelt →smelt
- speak 说 spoke →spoken
- spell 拼写 spelt / spelled →spelt / spelled
- spend 花费 spent→ spent
- spit 吐出 spat / spit→ spat / spit
- spring 跳跃 sprang / sprung →sprung
- stand 站立 stood→ stood
- steal 偷 stole →stolen
- sweep 打扫 swept →swept
- swim 游泳 swam →swum
- take 拿 took→ taken
- teach 教 taught →taught
- tear 撕裂 tore →torn
- tell 告诉 told →told
- think 思考 thought→ thought
- throw 投/扔 threw →thrown
- understand 了解 understood→ understood
- wake 醒着 woke / waked →waked / woken
- wear 穿着 wore→ worn
- win 获胜 won→ won
- write 书写 wrote→ written
如有遗漏,欢迎大家补充!